Toronto Notes is a concise and comprehensive medical review revised annually by the University of Toronto graduating medical class under the guidance of leading experts within the Faculty of Medicine. This reference text started as a compilation of notes written by and shared among University of Toronto students to study for their medical licensing exams. After 28 years, it has become a reputable study guide used by medical students across Canada and around the world. This transformation could not have happened without the dedication of students who ensure that each edition contains the latest evidence-based information on 29 subspecialties of Medicine. This yearhas been no different: over 100 staff worked tirelessly to complete this edition. Since its inception, Toronto Notes has been a non-profit organization where revenue is used to fund University of Toronto medical student initiatives including community outreach, international health projects, charitable performances, and graduating class scholarships and bursaries. On behalf of the Toronto Notes production team, wewould like to thank the support from thousands of medical students around the world by purchasing our book. The 28th edition of Toronto Notes offers exciting new changes to further enhance your exam preparation. We have included over 20 new original medical illustrations, updated our online colour atlas with new images and annotations, and revised our evidence-based medicine reviews. We also have a new learning module: the Approach to Ultrasound in the Emergency Department, created to help medical students understand the basics of ultrasound imaging in trauma and other emergencies. In addition, we have included over 50 Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) scenarios with history and physical exam checklists for practice purposes that can befound online. We have also separated our popular Clinical Handbook into three pocket reference guides for easy portability. (more…)